This represents one assignment, comprised of 4 related papers, each Thesis

This represents one assignment, comprised of 4 related papers, each between 10 - 15 pages - Thesis Example 363). Thus, theories are an expression of specifically defined domains that offer explanations of how and why causal links are formed â€Å"so that the theory gives specific predictions† (Wacker, 1998, p. 364). More particularly, theory is a â€Å"limited and fairly precise picture† (Wacker, 1998, p. 364). The limited and precise picture informed by theory is based on how terms, domains, links/relationships and predictions/assumptions are defined (Wacker, 1998, p. 364). In this regard, theories by definition are operational. As Wacker (1998) explains, a theory answers the questions of â€Å"how, when (or where), and why† which is distinguished from descriptive objectives which merely answers the questions of â€Å"what (or who)† (Wacker, 1998, p. 364). Gelso (2006) offers a more condensed definition of theory and in doing so defines theory as â€Å"a statement of the suspected relationship between and among variables† (p. 458). From this perspective, theories are expected to be present in just about all aspects of research. In other words, in all research it should be anticipated that variables should be linked in one form or another. However, Gelso (2006) cautions that theories can be either informal or formal. Informal theories do not contain explicit statements and lack objectives for formulating a â€Å"logically consistent and mutually interdependent body of knowledge† (Gelso, 2006, p. 458). According to Gelso (2006) a theory will have scientific value if it is able to reveal why it is anticipated that variable s will be related or will have an impact on each other. There must also be logical rationales for anticipating the link between and impact of variables (Gelso, 2006). In this regard, theory functions in four main ways: descriptive, delimiting, generative and integrative (Gelso, 2006). The

Corporate conflict and analyze the legal case Research Paper

Corporate conflict and analyze the legal case - Research Paper Example The key factor that denies the organization an appeal is its own guilty plea regarding the environmental crimes it had been charged with. Secondly, the organization opted for an administrative Consent Agreement and Final Order (CAFO) as a way of getting a resolution to the violations. Among the limited conditions under which the courts can accept the withdrawal of a guilty plea is if it is presented before the judges have accepted the plea, and that is usually in the pre-sentence scenario (Weaver, 2001). It could also be accepted before defendants have been sentenced. Further, Walmart cannot show that they were served with obvious injustice because of conditions that existed during the time they were charged with the environmental crimes. The organization was aware of federal laws that required them to determine hazardous waste, prepare its manifest, and handle and dispose it as stipulated but failed to meet those requirements. At the same time, Walmart contracted Greenleaf to recycle its pesticide products, yet Greenleaf lacked the capacity for handling such products, which lead to the release of hazardous substances. Although it is not clear whether or not Walmart of aware of this lack of capacity, it was their legal responsibility to establish whether Greenlea f met all the requirements stipulated by law. This means that Walmart becomes legally responsible for contractors conducting business on its behalf. It can, therefore, be shown that the judgment served was sufficient to hold the organization accountable for its own as well as its contractor’s illegal and irresponsible business conduct that was a threat to the environment and life. Walmart may also not appeal against the ruling because there are no sufficient indications that they are not guilty because of lack of understanding the charges or consequences of pleading guilty. That can be demonstrated by United States v. Spencer, 836 F.2d 236, 239 (6th Cir. 1987). If the lawyers entered the guilty plea